The Lead Paint Inspection Process
What to expect from a professional lead-paint inspection in New York City — XRF testing, paint-chip sampling, inspector qualifications, and reading the report. Informational only.
What Is XRF Testing and How Does It Work?
XRF (X-ray fluorescence) testing uses a portable analyser that emits X-rays to excite the atoms in a painted surface. The energy emitted by the atoms identifies the elements present, including lead. Results are displayed in milligrams of lead per square centimetre (mg/cm²). The EPA defines lead-based paint as paint with lead levels at or above 1.0 mg/cm². XRF testing is non-destructive — it does not damage the surface being tested — making it suitable for testing all surfaces in a dwelling. NYC Local Law 31 adopted XRF as the required testing method for covered buildings. The HUD lead-safety programme provides guidance on XRF instrument performance characteristics standards.
When Is Paint-Chip Sampling Used?
Paint-chip sampling (also called destructive sampling) involves removing a small paint sample and sending it to an accredited laboratory for analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma. It is used when XRF results fall in an inconclusive range or when a surface cannot be tested by XRF. The EPA lead-based paint activities regulations specify laboratory accreditation requirements for paint-chip analysis.
What Are EPA-Certified Lead Inspector Requirements?
Lead inspectors must be certified by the EPA (or by a state with an EPA-authorised programme). In New York State, certification is administered through the NYS Department of Health. Lead inspectors test for the presence of lead-based paint; lead risk assessors evaluate both lead-based paint and lead hazards (including dust and soil). For NYC Local Law 31 compliance, the individual conducting XRF testing must hold an appropriate NYS DOH certification. Always request the certification number and verify it before engaging an inspector.
What Should a Lead Inspection Report Include?
A lead inspection report must document: the inspector's certification number, the date and address of the inspection, a description of the testing methodology used, the results for each surface tested (including XRF readings or laboratory results), and a determination of whether each surface constitutes lead-based paint. Risk assessment reports additionally include a summary of identified hazards, dust-wipe sampling results, soil sampling results where applicable, and recommended control options. The NYC HPD specifies the records landlords must maintain following inspection and testing under Local Laws 1 and 31.
Disclaimer
This page is an independent informational resource. Content cites EPA, NYC HPD, HUD, and NYS DOH as primary sources. Informational only — consult an EPA/NYS-certified lead inspector for site-specific guidance. Not medical or legal advice. Last updated 2026-06-26.